Author : Sanjeev Gautam, Akash Sindhyan and Anal Kant Jha

Astrocytes play a critical role in maintaining the central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, supporting neuronal function, and responding to injury. Recent advances in stem cell biology have highlighted the potential of small molecules to direct the differentiation of astrocytes from pluripotent stem cells. These small molecules offer a powerful tool for both basic research and therapeutic applications, allowing precise control over astrocyte development and function. This review explores the mechanisms by which small molecules influence astrocyte differentiation, focusing on key signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epigenetic modifications. Additionally, we discuss the therapeutic implications of small molecule-induced astrocyte differentiation in neurodegenerative diseases, CNS injuries, and other neurological conditions. The review also outlines future directions for research in this rapidly evolving field, emphasizing the need for further exploration of small molecules’ role in astrocyte biology and their potential for clinical translation.

Keywords: Astrocyte differentiation, small molecules, neurogenesis, CNS homeostasis, pluripotent stem cells, neurodegenerative diseases, epigenetics, signaling pathways.