Author : Abdulsalam Abraheem Almahdi, Musbah Mohammed Ali Jbril and Alsanousi Mohammed Azzin

High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) technology has become a cornerstone of modern power transmission, offering unparalleled efficiency and reliability for long-distance energy transfer and renewable energy integration. Unlike conventional Alternating Current (AC) systems, HVDC minimizes power losses, enhances grid stability, and supports cross-border energy exchange. This paper delves into the core principles of HVDC technology, its diverse applications in renewable energy integration, long-distance power transmission, and grid interconnections, and explores the economic, technical, and environmental benefits it offers. Despite challenges such as high initial costs and complex maintenance requirements, ongoing advancements in voltage source converters (VSCs) and ultra-high voltage DC (UHVDC) systems promise to expand its adoption. By addressing current limitations and leveraging innovative solutions, HVDC technology is poised to play a critical role in global energy systems, fostering sustainable development and enabling the transition to a low-carbon future.

Keywords: HVDC, Smart grids, AC/DC hybrid grids, Transmission line, Energy efficiency.